The East African Market Population Demographics and Economic Segments

Introduction The East African market is one that continues to grow and attract both foreign and domestic businesses. Although ethnically the region is quite diverse, it is not as advanced economically and therefore can be divided into very basic market segments. The two main parameters that can best be used to segment that market are population demographics and economic segments. This report examines the variables in detail in relation to the region and how Teejays can use them to segment the market as it plots to make its initial entry into the market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The East African Market: Population Demographics and Economic Segments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overview of the East African Market The East African market is one of the fastest growing markets on the continent. Africa, described by many economists as the future centre of economic power, is home to some of the fastest growi ng economies in the world. South Africa – Africa’s largest and most stable economy (BBC News, 2011) – was invited two years ago to become a member of BRIC, an economic union of the world’s fastest growing economies. In April 2011, Jacob Zuma[1] accepted the invitation and South Africa officially became a member of BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (Hervieu, 2011 ). Other African countries share the same potential that South Africa has. Nigeria and Egypt are some of the continent’s well developed economies, although they are yet to reach the level of western countries and other giant economies like China, India and Japan. East Africa is one of Africa’s largest economic blocks. The region’s member states are Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi, with the newly formed republic of Southern Sudan set to join the regional economic community within the next 12 months (Olal, 2011). These states have all regis tered positive average economic growth in the last ten years, with Kenya leading the race to economic dominance in Africa. Uganda and Southern Sudan all have oil reserves that have not been fully utilized, with the region’s cities are predicted to become huge economic hubs within the next 100 years. The expected growth of the region’s economic status means there is a huge demand for services that improve a company’s performance. One of the most needed services is customer care, particularly from firms that offer services to their customers. There are a number of companies in the region that offer vital services for both the business and public sector. These services include mobile phone services, computer services and public relations. For all these companies to increase their profit margins and compete with other local and international firms battling to enter the market, they have to improve service delivery and other important business practices. In order to do this, one of the important sectors of their business they have to improve is customer care. Teejays[2], a leading customer care training and consultancy firm based in the UK, has huge potential to become a key provider of this vital service.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Segments Since Teejays is breaking into a relatively new market, it is important that we understand the region’s different structures. Teejays offers a service that best serves modern business organizations operating in urban centres. The analysis below is based upon the key variables used to divide an industrial market. Demographics The East African region, just like the neighbouring Middle East and North African (MENA) region has a low but extremely fast growing population. Most of the region’s population is comprised of young people. Kenya has the highest population in the region and g ives a decent representation of the region’s general demographical data. Over 97% Kenya’s population is under the age of 65, with the country’s median age approximated at 18.9 years (Index Mundi, 2011). Although the region has a relatively high population growth rate, a large percentage of the population still lives in rural areas. Kenya, which is the largest economy in the region, has only 22% of its population living in urban centres (Index Mundi, 2011). Teejays must ensure that the training packages it develops will target companies seeking to tap into this young market. Local companies in the region have aggressively tried to enter the region’s young market. For example, mobile phone companies in the region often release mobile tariffs that are attractive and affordable to young people. Safaricom[3], the region’s largest mobile phone service provider in the region, has come under pressure recently to provide internet data bundles that are affor dable by a majority of the population (Mtaa, 2011). If Teejays is to capture East Africa’s most profitable company, it must develop training modules that suit the company’s – and similar companies – business desire to appeal largely to a young market. Purchasing Approaches The East African region has most of its people living in rural villages, with a small portion living in small towns and a smaller portion living in cities. The region has seven major cities – Bujumbura (Burundi), Kigali (Rwanda), Kampala (Uganda), Dar-es-Salaam (Tanzania), Kisumu, Mombasa and Nairobi (Kenya). Other important trade centres are Dodoma (Tanzania), Masaka and Jinja (Uganda) and Nyeri, Eldoret, Nakuru, Kericho, Thika and Garissa (Kenya) (Kimani, 2009). While the major cities in the region are home to companies that provide services, the towns are focused on producing goods and agricultural produce (Kipkorir, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The East African Market: Population Demographics and Economic Segments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teejays must therefore understand that the best market for its services will come initially from the region’s major cities. As the region grows, other large towns will have developed more businesses that require Teejay’s customer care training and consultancy services. When the time comes, Teejays will have developed a rapport in the region and will therefore move into the new market with ease. Conclusion The East African market is not one that requires much segmentation like other markets. In the UK, for example, the market must be divided along social, economic, demographic and political lines, making the process of market segmentation extremely complex. This is not the case in East Africa, where only two main parameters really influence the segmentation process: demographics and economic segments. In order to bes t tap into the region’s market, the most effective way for Teejays will be to target companies that operate in the service industry. Companies that provide goods but are more inclined to provide high quality customer care in order to appeal to their target markets exist though. The East African Breweries Limited, the region’s largest producer of alcoholic beverages, faces increasing competition either from smaller companies like Nile Breweries and Keroche Breweries, or from larger companies like Heineken and Guinness (Frontier Markets, 2011). Companies like these require proper customer care training in order to remain competitive in such a growing market, and Teejays can also focus on such companies a lot more. Finally, once the company has established a strong market share in large cities, it has to move into smaller markets before other competitors do so. Mombasa, Kenya, is the largest port city and one of the largest tourist destinations in the region (Bowden, 2007 ). Entering such markets will require Teejays to use the rapport it will have developed in major cities to spread their services. Teejays must also develop a good understanding of the region’s local business culture. Local businesses in the region do not trust international companies, particularly with all of these nations gaining independence from European nations less than 50 years ago. Once Teejays establishes trust in the region, then this market can easily lead to exponential growth of the company. References Altman, A. Stephey, M., 2009. Profile: Jacob Zuma, South Africa’s New President. Web.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More BBC News, 2011. South Africa Country Profile. Web. Bowden, R., 2007. Tourism. In Kenya. London: Evans Brothers. p.34. Frontier Markets, 2011. East African Breweries: increased inflation, competition shouldn’t wholly wash out thesis. Web. Hervieu, S., 2011. South Africa gains entry to Bric club. Web. Index Mundi, 2011. Kenya Demographics Profile 2011. Web. Karani, P. Saki, W., 2010. Safaricom Beating them all. The Standard, 5 June. p.23 and 25. Kimani, P., 2009. A Look at Urban East Africa. Daily Nation, 7 June. p.31. Kipkorir, M. P., 2010. A growing service sector in Kenya. The People, 14 January. p.7. Mtaa, T., 2011. Safaricom To Announce Lower Data Bundle Rates Amid Pressure. Web. Olal, J. A., 2011. South Sudan to join EAC. Web. Footnotes Jacob Zuma is the president of the Republic of South Africa. He was voted into office in 2009 as the third president of South Africa since independence in 1994, after Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki (Altman Stephey, 2009). Since ‘T eejays’, a customer care training and consultancy firm is theoretical, the figures used in the SMART matrix strategy are also theoretical. The theoretical figures will be derived based on reasonable assumptions based on the facts that Teejays is a financially sound and stable company and the East African market is one hard to get into but with great growth potential. The purpose of this is to demonstrate an understanding of how the SMART matrix works. Safaricom, started in Kenya but is now used by customers in Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, Southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (in central Africa) (Karani Saki, 2010). This report on The East African Market: Population Demographics and Economic Segments was written and submitted by user Hulk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Paper

The Paper The Paper BIO-220 June 3, 2012 Water†¦ Is it natural? Water is one of the primary substances for life and life cannot exist without it. One must consistently add fresh water to the body in order to keep it hydrated and healthy because it plays a vital role in nearly every bodily function. In addition, water is essential for proper digestion, nutrient absorption, and chemical reactions. Is water natural? Imagine not being able to drink clean water as a result of pollution. Water pollution is a very critical environmental issue and is harmful to the health and life of both humans and animals. Humans around the world must become aware of the dangers and the role they play in the quality of the water around them and improve in the ways water pollution is treated. In this essay, one will ascertain a thorough understanding of some of the causes and some of the dangers of water pollution and ways to prevent it. Even though water is a vital part of human life, many of the causes of water pollution come f rom humans and their ignorance. To name a few, water pollution is caused by agricultural runoffs, leaking sewer lines, and accidental leaks and spills. Agricultural runoffs are the result of manmade products like pesticides, insecticides, or herbicides and other waste from a large area of land. These products are made to help crops during their growth process and prevent them from being eaten by insects. As a result, these chemicals are washed into waters through natural processes that form increased nitrates and phosphates that are harmful to humans and have a very harsh impact on the environment. Global warming aside, agricultural runoffs are considered one of today’s biggest environmental threats. Leaking sewer lines are another cause of water pollution. Sewer lines are manmade instruments that carry human waste to different industrial plants that may leak due to time and or failure and generally is untreated raw sewage. These lines are buried deep underground belo w the active portion of the soil and when the leaking takes place the sewage enters ground water directly. Sewage wastes then end up contaminating surface water. Accidental leaks and spills is a topic that most are familiar with and have heard about. These types of water pollution are not only critical to human life but also to marine life. Leaks and spills can happen at any time simply because of the handling of chemicals. Recently the Gulf has experienced this very tragic cause of water pollution and will be recovering for many years to come. In life, one can face many dangers from the time of birth to the time of death but the dangers of water pollution should not be part of that equation. The killing of life that inhabits water-based ecosystems, the disruption of the natural food chain and the death of human life are just a few of the dangers associated with water pollution. Water pollution can and will kill life that inhabits water-based ecosystems such as dolphins, diff erent types of birds, and many species of fish. As each of these species within water-based ecosystems die that will ultimately have an effect on all human life. These water pollutions will eventually disrupt the natural food chain. If water pollution over takes natural water systems the plant life could die and have a major effect on the species that rely on them for food. Eventually these species will not have a reliable food source and die as well, resulting in a collapse in the food chain all the way to life of humans. This collapse could result in the death to humans. This is the ultimate danger in water pollution. Without the life within the water-based ecosystem, the disruption of the natural food chain all the way up to human life could mean death to all human life. Even though there are many policies set forth by the government to protect from water pollution there are individual preventative methods in which each person can carry out. The Paper The Paper Name: Date: 2/13/2012 Licensure: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY: NATIONAL COMMON CORE STANDARDS EXPLORATION GUIDE 27 points total DUE FEB. 13, 2012 Part 1: To be completed utilizing PPT, handouts, and other online resources (corestandards.org). 1. Describe how the Common Core Standards were developed (address who, when, how; may use a timeline format) You may use the back if more space is needed. (3 points) The standards were developed in June 2010 by the Council of Chief State Officers (CCSSO) and the National Governors Association (NGA). The standards were drafted on the foundation created by states work on crafting high-quality education standards. As specified by CCSSO and NGA, the standards are: research and evidence base, aligned with college and work expectations, rigorous, and internationally benchmarked. The standards are an extension of a prior initiative led by CCSSO and NGA to develop College and Career Readiness (CCR) standards in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language as well as mathematics. 2. Fill in the following chart which details the crosswalk between the current Academic Content Standards and the new Common Core Strands. (3 points) Common Core Strands (4) | Ohio’s Current Standards (10) | 1.Reading Strand | * Phonemic Awareness, Word Recognition and Fluency Standard * Reading Process Standard * Reading Applications: Informational, Technical and Persuasive Text Standard * Reading Applications: Literary Text Standard | 2. Writing Stand | * Writing Process Standard * Writing Applications Standard * Research Standard | 3.Speaking and Listening Strand | * - Comprehension and Collaboration * - Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas | - 4. Language Strand | * Writing Conventions Standard * Vocabulary Acquisition and Use | 3. Answer each of these questions using appropriate written communication skills (i.e. complete sentences). (3 points) a) How do the College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards support/relate to each of the strands? (For K-5, pp. 10,18,22,25; for 6-12. Pp. 35,41,48,51) There are four strands for the College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards. These four strands are Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening, and Language. For each of these strands listed there are standards which support and relate why these strands are necessary. For reading, some of the standards are reading closely to determine what the text says explicitly; determine central or themes of a text and analyze their development; and read comprehend complex literary and informational texts independently and proficiently. For writing, produce clear and coherent writing, construct short stories, and use technology to produce and publish writing to interact and collaborate with others. For speaking and listening, being able to prepare for and participate in a range of conversations and collaborations with diverse partners, integrate and evaluate information presented in diverse media formats, and evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and reasoning and use of evidence and rhetoric. For language, students shall demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking, demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing, and demonstrate understanding of figurative language, word relationships, and nuances in word meanings. b) What is the intent behind the Language Progressive Skills Chart? (p. 30) The Language Progressive Skills Chart is used to chart the standards that need to be taught to students. It charts them by importance and what grade levels they should be assessed at. This is important to know what students have and haven’t been

Preparing Research Questions and Hypotheses Assignment

Preparing Research Questions and Hypotheses - Assignment Example Alvesson and Sandberg (2011) suggest that identifying and constructing gaps in existing theories is one way of generating research questions. Additionally, Toledo, Flikkema, and Toledo-Pereyra (2011) suggest that a necessary ingredient of a well-developed and sound research study is a research hypothesis since it contributes to solving the research problem. Variables requiring full-value assessment and close correlation leads to the formulation of a complex hypothesis. On the other hand, the hypothesis can be very simple hypothesis is formulated depending on the undertaken protocol.   Bansal and Corley (2012) state that in quantitative research, careful and adequate preparation is vital to the plan that is laid down at the commencement of the research can be faithfully executed. In qualitative research, idea exploration is the main activity. Bahà §ekapili, et al., (2013) say that scientific research, which is a quantitative research, is a process that usually starts with a problem and the willingness to solve that problem before generating a research report on a particular topic. This explains why it is inappropriate to formulate hypotheses for a qualitative study.   In conclusion, appropriate research questions generation together hypotheses formulation in relation to topic scope is the starting point of an effective research study. It is also important to remember that hypothesis formulation is appropriate for a quantitative research study.   

Atypical language development can impact on childrens literacy Assignment

Atypical language development can impact on childrens literacy learning. With reference to children with specific language impairment evaluate the evidence that seeks to explain why this is the case - Assignment Example 5). However, Puranik, Lombardino and Altmann (2007) note that there are often situations in the development of children that make it impossible for them to develop their literacy skills at a ‘normal’ rate. In some cases, children fail to develop these skills due to the lack of an advanced form of education being provided. Generally, due to the innate capabilities of humans, the normal experience for a child should be the ability to acquire literacy skills through education. The difficulty that has been associated with some children in acquiring these literacy-learning skills is the area that this research seeks to address, specifically, the role of atypical language development in children’s’ literacy learning. As there are a number of theoretical arguments as to the actual impact of atypical language development on children, this research carried out through a literature review perspective. Studies of children with an identified form of atypical language development are examined against the variables that suggest that their development problems can inhibit their literacy learning. In addition, studies of children with specific language impairment (SLI) are presented and examined, to justify the position that atypical language development can affect literacy learning. Concerning atypical language development, Bishop (2006) explains it as â€Å"diagnosed when a childs language development is deficient for no obvious reason† (p. 217). Through this research, I gather evidence from existing works of research on how children with SLI perform when they are tested in literacy and language areas. There are specific areas of literacy and languages learning that are covered. The study is confined to specific aspects of literacy and language learning as the subject covers a broad area. Therefore, the extent of coverage is on the areas of reading, writing, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. As different

Financial Markets & institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial Markets & institutions - Assignment Example (LurÊ ¹e 15) Example; 100.00 Euros are provided by a company for a period of one year at rate of 3 per cent. At the end of the year it expects to receive 1030.00 Euros. However, the bank supposes 10 per cent rate inflation in the next year it will want 1133.00 Euros. The interest rate expected by the bank will sum up to 13.3 per cent. Treasury Bill (T-Bill) are simple market securities issued by the government. T-Bills are short-term securities used by the government to collect money from the public. In purchasing of T-Bills, the holder will pay a price that is less than the face or par value of it. (Kawai 16) T-Bills mature after three months, half a year or after a year of issuance. The government will then pay the holder the full face value. T-Bill provides guarantee and safety returns because it has full back and faith of the government. Investors lending money to the government get their money back with interest. Limited access is one of the drawbacks of T-Bills. Investors who need to withdraw their money before the maturity dates are reached have to pay a penalty. T-Bills have little returns because of lees maturity period mostly not more than one-year thus low amount of interest. (Kawai 21) The banks or credit unions issue certificates of deposit (CDs) to holders who have deposited funds to the bank. CDs limit the holders from withdrawing the funds when in need of cash until a set period of time elapses. When one has to withdraw fund from the bank a penalty is incurred. CDs are secured form of investments and they offer high amount of returns. CDs are not prone to risk, pensions and instability. Disadvantages of certificate of Deposits are that they require a high amount of initial capital than that for saving account. Investors obtain little returns from CDs thus a drawback. Companies create corporate bonds by giving debts with the aim of raising capital. Bond provide fixed amount of income and

The Origins Of Theatre And Playwrights English Literature Essay

The Origins Of Theatre And Playwrights English Literature Essay This essay aims to discuss the effectiveness of political theatre in causing social change, looking specifically at the practice of the contemporary political playwright Augusto Boal including the influence of social theorist Karl Marx on Boals work and how Marxism affected Boals style of theatre. This essay will begin by looking at the origins of theatre and how it has been used since then as a medium of promoting political thought. However, in order to understand political theatre we must first be able to understand what is mean by politics, the Oxford Reference Dictionary (1991:647) describes something political as affecting the State or its Government; of public affairs. From this definition we are able to deduce that political theatre is theatre that is produced in order to affect or influence the community and those in power with regard to public affairs. This type of theatre has been used and enjoyed since the very beginning of theatre as we know it today, which began in Ancie nt Greece in the celebration of the festival of Dionysos, the God of ecstasy. The festival included prayer and procession as well as singing and dancing, there may also have been groups of performers who would answer each other through the medium of song or dance. It is believed that it was Thespis who stood out and performed first without the chorus, and thus creating what we understand to be a protagonist. (GREEK THEATRE 1) Competitions then began to take place during the festivals in which playwrights would enter their plays to be performed, either a tragedy, or a comedy and satyr play. The Greek playwrights would present the audience with ideas to think about and reflect over; during the plays a Parabasis, or stepping aside would take place, this was an opportunity for the playwright to comment upon the state of city affairs or anything else that he so wished. Aristophanes thought that, the dramatist should not only offer pleasure but should, besides that, be a teacher of morali ty and a political advisor.(in Boal 2008:xiii) In his plays, Aristophanes would satirise the most important people of the day, in between the scenes the chorus would perform short, satirical pieces of song and dance always attacking well known individuals by name, for example he ridiculed the demagogue Kleon in his play Babylonians. However, a plays success depended on the funding from the wealthy aristocracy ay the time, the choragus therefore the plays produced may be seen to reflect the view of the choregus rather than that of the playwright, because without them a play would not have the funding to be performed. Greek society was much controlled by the economic minority, the Bourgeoisie, but nothing was done to change this. This state of affairs in Ancient Greece is very similar to the social situation that Karl Marx was fighting against when he introduced his communist manifesto; the alternative to capitalism. Marx believed that human beings have been conditioned throughout his tory to behave a certain way by economic institutions and that in order for an equal society without a social hierarchy then the proletariat must seize power from the bourgeoisie through a social revolution and place everything in collective ownership. In his book Theatre of the Oppressed Augusto Boal writes how Marx believed that art is a key way of offering knowledge, but this knowledge is conveyed from the perspective of the artist, social surroundings or whoever provides sponsorship or payment. Mainly, it is the part of society that maintains economic power that holds control over any means of communication. Bordwell and Thompson (in Woodson, no date) back this up: Each art form is controlled, not by the artists, but by larger social institutions. In a capitalist society, an artist may believe he or she is using the art form for personal expression, but he or she is actually producing merchandise of a kind acceptable to the society. It is only from the arrival of Karl Marx and his theories on socialism that playwrights and practitioners have begun to use theatre as a means for change. Bertolt Brecht was greatly influenced by the Marxist theory because he too wanted to create change, the major goal of the historical avant-garde was to challenge the institution of bourgeois art (Kistenberg 1995:29); Pescator described Brechts work as a Marxist-based analysis of social relations. Brecht agreed with Marx that it was the capitalists that created the bourgeois society, and that drama can be used as a medium of didacticism. It was from this belief that Brecht adopted Piscators form of avant-garde theatre known as epic theatre. Epic theatre has many parallels with Cartesian tradition in which people are encouraged into rational thought; it underlines the socio-political content of drama rather than trying to manipulate the emotions of the audience. Brecht stated that there must be a transformation of psychological confl ict into historic condition (in Basuki no date) in theatre in order to release the self and to create rational thought. This Cartesian belief is needed so that neither the audience nor the actor tries to empathise with the action and characters on stage and are able to view the action with a critical mind. In order to do this Brecht proposed that theatre needed to give to the audience a process of alienation because alienation is necessary to all understanding (Brecht in Basuki no date) so that they are able to form an opinion unfettered by empathy. The term Brecht used to describe this distancing of the audience is Verfremdungseffekt, which when translated, means alienation. In a description about epic theatre Brecht gives an explanation about the difference between a spectator watching dramatic theatre and one watching epic theatre: The dramatic theatres spectator says: Yes, I have felt like that too-Just like me-Its only natural-Itll never change-The suffering of this man appals me, because they are inescapable-Thats great art; it all seems the most obvious thing in the world-I weep when they weep, I laugh when they laugh. The epic theatres spectator says: Id never have thought it-thats not the way-Thats extraordinary, hardly believable-Its got to stop-The sufferings of this man appal me, because they are unnecessary-Thats great art: nothing obvious in it-I laugh when they weep, I weep when they laugh (Brecht in Basuki no date) This quote from Brecht shows us how he intended epic theatre to work and its popularity among playwrights and directors is a great example of how successful epic theatre is as a form of didacticism. However, in Brechts plays the separation between the stage and the audience is still present. The spectator is persuaded to think the thoughts and opinions that presented to them through the action on stage because it is the playwrights who condemns the characters or the events that have taken place; the audiences thoughts are merely pointed in the right direction by the dramatist (OPPRESSED xx) Augusto Boal, though highly influenced by the likes of Marx and Brecht took the format of epic theatre to a new level. He found ways of combining Marxist theory with new ways of writing and analysis. He believed that in order to liberate the audience from the constraints of stage and spectator, they themselves must be part of what is happening on stage To transform is to be transformed.(Boal 2008: xxi) and thus becoming spect-actors. From this belief Boal created the Theatre of the Oppressed in which the audience are asked to intercede, and suggest the next course of action for the actors to perform or actually perform themselves, whilst the actors assist and persuade the audience to take the role of a spect-actor. For example, in forum theatre, the actors perform a short play with which ends with unresolved oppression and then it is performed again but this time the spect-actor is able to become involved and suggest ways to fix the oppression. Boal saw the spectators invasion of the stage as a symbolic moment in their transformation, This invasion is a symbolic trespass. It symbolises all the acts of trespass we have to commit in order to free ourselves from what oppresses us. (Boal 2008:xxi) By doing this the spect-actor is made aware of what he needs to do in order to change the situation in his real social setting, and by breaking down the wall between spectator and acto r, Boal also breaks the wall between the oppressor and the oppressed. (BOAL ESSAY) English Theatre company Cardboard citizens is one of the leading producers of Forum Theatre in the UK, this company is made up of homeless people or those at risk of becoming homeless. Cardboard Citizens tour the UK, performing for other Homeless people, and as it states on their website, aiming to problem-solve together. (CARDBOARD WEBSITE) Although this is an excellent way of trying to create social change, it may be the case that the company perform to an audience who are already aware of the situation being presented to them, and are therefore preaching to the converted. In The Transparent Closet: Gay Theatre for Straight Audiences, Richard Hall (in Kistenberg 1995:76) suggests: Theatre is inefficient as an instrument for social change. It either speaks to those already in support of its views, or to those who are so secure in their power that they dont mind hearing themselves abused, as long as the abuse is entertaining. Although theatre is an excellent form of communication, it is unable to access the parts of society in which people do not watch theatre that is seen to be anything other than mainstream entertainment i.e. Musicals etc. This then stops the theatre from being its most effective. As well as this, political theatre may become an outlet for people to confirm their opinions, for example, David Hares play Stuff Happens was written as a reaction to the Iraq War, somebody who has negative beliefs about this event may watch the play just so their opinions are confirmed. This again may stop the theatre from being at its most effective. Although Cardboard Citizens use of forum theatre has helped many homeless peoples situations and is working to gain understanding of the struggles homeless people encounter, Elizabeth Burns states that the audience view themselves as part of a performance rather than performance as part of their lives (in Kistenberg 1995:32) She believes that the audience are me rely props for the actors and that because they are in a state of being neither fully part of the performance nor full separate then it isnt much different from their usual role as spectator. If this is the case then the spectators of Cardboard Citizens performances, even if they were able to present their theatre to a much wider and varied kind of audience, would not be much changed by what they have seen. Boals next step in creating social change could be seen to have a great impact on society, he generated a form of theatre named Legislative Theatre in which theatre is used to create an active and practical change in society. Boal ran for election and was voted in to be one of 42 vereadores  of Rio, (BOAL ESSAY) he used his new political position to create Legislative Theatre. In this type of theatre Boal attempted To use theatre within a political system to create a truer from of democracy (Boal 2008:i) This type of theatre uses all the techniques of the theatre of the oppressed in order to create new laws, Boal would take his theatre to the streets of Rio and asked the people what they thought of certain issues then proposed his findings to the council chamber. In this way he was able to put forward laws to be passed that had a significant impact on the people of Rio, for example, one law that was passed was one which protected the witnesses of crimes. (LEGISLATIVE THEATRE 104). Theatre is not just about entertaining the masses; it provides a means in which to get a message across. Although all of theatre could be said to be political in a broader sense, it is political theatre that has been established as designing a theatre that is left wing and that expresses the need for radical change. Political theatre has thrived under oppressive governments as a means of communicating political opinions; however this has not always been the case. In spite of how seemingly political Greek theatre appears the censorship of the plays provides evidence towards the fact that it was not and it did little to challenge and change the social hierarchy of the time because it was controlled by the people in power. Greek theatre started by being interactive and an open form of communication; however the right to speak was taken away when the citizens were split into chorus and audience. It is seemingly ironic then that it was someone speaking out of turn that first created this form of theatre but by being made to be the audience the rest were stifled. Looking back at how political theatre has developed over the years it is clear of the relevance of each individual practitioner at the respective times in which they were writing, for example, in the years of extreme censorship by the Bourgeoisie when Brecht was writing he was one of the first practitioners to use theatre to make people aware of their situation therefore enlightening them because it was the first time they had been shown the truth. However now, in the 21st Century when people are able to access, via the means of the internet for example, all types of imformation without censorship they are given the opportunity through practices such as Boals to actively change society. Boals Legislative Theatre encapsulates the aim of political theatre. As Brecht used Epic theatre in order to create social change, Boal took his format and physically created change through the placement of new laws. This is ultimately the aim of political theatre, to release the oppressed from the op pressor. Conclusion. Zortman (2) says that The avant-garde artists were denounced as breeders of the proletarian world revolution Quotes 356 / 1403words.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Synopsis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play begins on Christmas Eve. Nora Torvald enters the living room carrying packages. Torvald Helmer, her husband, enters. He says that she shouldn’t have spent so much on Christmas gifts. He says that they have to be careful with money for now, but that he got a promotion at the bank that will increase their quality of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helene, their maid, says that Dr. Rank has come to visit. Also, Nora’s school friend, Kristine Linde, comes. The two have not seen each other in years. Nora tells Linde about her life. She says that Torvald had heath problems earlier in the marriage, and they had to go to Italy so he could recover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Linde tells Nora that her husband died, leaving her with no money and no children. She wants Torvald to get her a job. Nora says she will speak to Torvald, and tells her that she illegally borrowed the money to pay for the trip to Italy. For years, she worked and saved in secret to repay the debt. Soon it will be fully repaid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad, an employee at the bank, and Dr. Rank arrive. Rank says that Krogstad is â€Å"morally sick†. Nora is unnerved by Krogstad’s presence. Torvald says that he can probably get Mrs. Linde a job at the bank. Rank, Torvald, and Linde depart. The children arrive with Anne-Marie, their nanny. Nora plays with the children until she notices Krogstad. He is revealed to be the source of the illegal loan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He says that Torvald wants to fire him. He asks Nora to try to talk Torvald out of it. Krogstad says that he will tell about the loan if he gets fired. Nora tries to get Torvald not to fire him, but he says Krogstad is immoral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Christmas, Nora is nervous. Nora again begs Torvald not to fire Krogstad. He refuses. Torvald sends the maid to deliver Krogstad’s letter of dismissal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rank arrives and tells Nora he is dying. She flirts with him. He says he is in love with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad demands an explanation for his being fired. He tells Nora that she must get him rehired to a higher position. He puts a letter in Torvald’s letterbox detailing the illegal loan. (Nora forged her father’s signature to get it.) Nora tells Mrs. Linde everything. Mrs. Linde says to distract Torvald from the letterbox until she talks to Krogstad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad and Mrs. Henrik Isben's A Doll's House :: A Doll's House Essays Synopsis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The play begins on Christmas Eve. Nora Torvald enters the living room carrying packages. Torvald Helmer, her husband, enters. He says that she shouldn’t have spent so much on Christmas gifts. He says that they have to be careful with money for now, but that he got a promotion at the bank that will increase their quality of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helene, their maid, says that Dr. Rank has come to visit. Also, Nora’s school friend, Kristine Linde, comes. The two have not seen each other in years. Nora tells Linde about her life. She says that Torvald had heath problems earlier in the marriage, and they had to go to Italy so he could recover.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mrs. Linde tells Nora that her husband died, leaving her with no money and no children. She wants Torvald to get her a job. Nora says she will speak to Torvald, and tells her that she illegally borrowed the money to pay for the trip to Italy. For years, she worked and saved in secret to repay the debt. Soon it will be fully repaid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad, an employee at the bank, and Dr. Rank arrive. Rank says that Krogstad is â€Å"morally sick†. Nora is unnerved by Krogstad’s presence. Torvald says that he can probably get Mrs. Linde a job at the bank. Rank, Torvald, and Linde depart. The children arrive with Anne-Marie, their nanny. Nora plays with the children until she notices Krogstad. He is revealed to be the source of the illegal loan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He says that Torvald wants to fire him. He asks Nora to try to talk Torvald out of it. Krogstad says that he will tell about the loan if he gets fired. Nora tries to get Torvald not to fire him, but he says Krogstad is immoral.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Christmas, Nora is nervous. Nora again begs Torvald not to fire Krogstad. He refuses. Torvald sends the maid to deliver Krogstad’s letter of dismissal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rank arrives and tells Nora he is dying. She flirts with him. He says he is in love with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad demands an explanation for his being fired. He tells Nora that she must get him rehired to a higher position. He puts a letter in Torvald’s letterbox detailing the illegal loan. (Nora forged her father’s signature to get it.) Nora tells Mrs. Linde everything. Mrs. Linde says to distract Torvald from the letterbox until she talks to Krogstad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krogstad and Mrs.